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HUMIDITY
It is important to understand that there can be no hard and fast rule for the amount of water required in an incu-
bator as the following variables come into play:
• Ambient humidity in the room (affected by the weather and your local environment).
• The species of the eggs
• The porosity of the eggshells (can vary from egg to egg)
• The time of year (warm weather usually means high ambient humidity and eggs laid towards the end of the
season tend to be more porous)
Requirement for water in the incubator can be monitored by either weighing the eggs (an egg should loose 13-
15% of its weight during incubation) or by candling (the air space should be approx. 1/3 of the egg by the time
it is due to hatch). On subsequent hatches you may wish to increase or decrease the amount of water, depen-
ding on your findings with your first hatch. If in doubt, it is better to add too little water than too much –
more eggs are lost through too high humidity than any other single factor! Remember, the depth of water
makes no difference to the humidity levels in the incubator; it's the surface area which counts!
LOAD EGGS STORED NOT MORE THAN 7- 8 DAYS AND NOT LESS THAN 3 DAYS FROM LAYING. -
BEFORE INCUBATION, THE EGGS MUST BE STORED
BETWEEN 14 – 16 °C.
SPECIE
HEN
QUAIL
TURKEY
GUINEA FOWL
PARTRIDGE
GOOSE
EGGS CANDLING
At 8th - 10th day of incubation, it is advisable to candle the eggs in order to eliminate those which are inferti-
le; this operation must be done in a dark room. By observing the inside of a developing, fertile egg, using a sui-
table candling lamp, it is possible to determine the embryo development which looks like a small reddish
shape, composed of the heart and small arteries which are radiating from it (Fig. b).If the egg is moved lightly,
it is possible to see clearly the rhythmic oscillations of the embryo. On the contrary, an infertile egg appears
completely transparent (clear), with a slight darkening where the yolk is. (a). If during the candling operation,
you find some eggs with a reddish spot stuck or attached to the shell, or a central spot surrounded by one or
more concentric hoops, or something nebulous crossing the inside; then in this case, the embryos are either
false or dead, and must be taken out of the incubator to prevent them contaminating other eggs with bacteria
by infection or explosion.
a) Infertile egg
b) Egg with normally developing embryo
c) Egg with dead embryo at 5th - 6th day of incubation
Periodic candling during embryonic development is necessary to ensure the best hatching results. Using a
good candling lamp, it is possible to check the growth of the air-space. The pictures shown herewith show the
air-space growth as related to hen, turkey,
and pheasant eggs. If the air space measu-
rements appear similar to those shown in
the picture, it means that the embryo is
developing correctly, and that the amount
of humidity supplied in the machine is right.
If the air space is not developing correctly,it
means that it is necessary to change the
level of humidity supplied to the machine
1
It must be noted that when the air-space is smaller than shown in the table, it is necessary to decrease the humidity value; when the
air-space is larger than shown in the table, the humidity must be increased.
DURATION OF INCUBATION OF THE DIFFERENT SPECIES
DAYS
21
16-17
28
26
23-24
30
1
.
IN A LOCATION WITH TEMPERATURE
SPECIE
PEKIN DUCK
WILD DUCK
BARBARY DUCK
RED LEG
PHEASANT
BOB WHITE
st
1
day
th
8
day
th
16
day
21th day
Pheasant egg
DAYS
27-28
25-26
34-35
23-24
24-25
22-23
y
y
st
1
day
th
7
day
th
14
day
th
19
day
hen egg
turkey egg
st
1
day
th
10
day
th
15
day
th
20
day
th
24
day
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