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Artiglio Master operator's manual
vements of the tread in the footprint, on the carcass
and underneath the tread an annular reinforcing
structure generally known as a belt is used. The
tread and the sidewall work with different rigidities
and independently, so as the wheel turns flexural
movements of the sidewall are not transmitted to
the tread.
4 - Loop. This is a loop of metal consisting of several
steel wires. The carcass plies are anchored to the
loop.
5 - Belt. This is a non-extensible circumferential struc-
ture consisting of plies criss-crossed at very narrow
angles, located underneath the tread, in order to
stabilise the carcass in the footprint area.
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6 - Centring ridge. This is a small ridge running around
the circumference of the top of the bead groove,
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which serves as reference to ensure that the tyre is
centred exactly on the rim after mounting.
7 - Guard ridge. This is a ridge running around the
circumference of the part of the sidewall most at risk
of accidental rubbing.
8 - Sidewall. This is the zone between the shoulder
and the centring ridge. It consists of a layer of rubber
of varying thickness, intended to protect the carcass
plies against knocks from the side.
9 - Liner. This is a sheet of airtight rubber blend, vul-
canised onto the inside of tubeless tyres.
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10 - Filling. A rubber profile, generally triangular in
cross-section, above the loop; it ensures the rigidity of
the bead and provides a gradual compensation of the
sudden change in thickness caused by the loop.
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11 - Turn-up. This is the edge of the carcass ply which
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is wrapped around the loop and placed against the
carcass in order to fix the ply in place and prevent
it from fraying.
12 - Sole or foot. This is the innermost layer of the tread,
in contact with the belt or, where there is no belt (bias
ply tyres), with the last ply of the carcass.
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